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Their key motif is the arch, as decorative edging, around windows or often framing an elegant entranceway or portico. They are based on a style originating with the Spanish colonials in the sixteenth century and re-popularized by the 1915 Panama-California Exposition. The boom period for this architectural mode was the 1920s and 30s, as Hollywood hit its stride, and the demand for stylish residences grew. These houses tend to be less severe in their aesthetic than some classically modernist homes, with which they share key features such as open-plan interior layouts, blocky construction, flat roofs, and subtle landscaping. These home exteriors are often surfaced in more than one material, with metal contrasting with wood or painted stucco. Eclecticism is a watchword of this style, and contemporary homeowners curate their interiors and gardens with great care.
Settlement and community houses in the United States
At the same time that new immigrants were flooding into American cities, more and more American colleges and universities were beginning to open their doors to women. In 1870 about eleven thousand women, mostly middle-class and white, were enrolled in institutions of higher education; by 1880 there were roughly forty thousand. Many women in this field started their professional careers as staff members at settlement houses, forming professional networks within the movement.
History
Israel approves plans for thousands of illegal settlement homes - Al Jazeera English
Israel approves plans for thousands of illegal settlement homes.
Posted: Mon, 26 Jun 2023 07:00:00 GMT [source]
Evidence of the initial association between social work and settlement houses can be found in the latter part of the 19th century in the United Kingdom (UK). The term ‘social worker’ was initially employed to describe individuals from the ‘educated classes’ who engaged in social service in order to address social problems and to alleviate their impact on individuals (Brewis, 2009; Chapter 6 in this volume). Prominent among these were the residents of the first settlement houses being established at that time (Attlee, 1920).
Belva Lockwood and the Precedents She Set for Women’s Rights
Early settlement house residents did not escape the prejudice nor completely overcome the ethnic stereotypes common to their generation and social class; they tried consciously to teach middle-class values, often betraying a paternalistic attitude toward the poor. On the other hand, and this was typical of progressives, most settlements were segregated. Finding livable, affordable housing in a decent environment remains an urgent priority. The current dramatic picture of “homelessness” shows many causes, but chiefly the abdication of national responsibility for building houses for low-income families.
Having quickly found that the needs of the neighborhood could not be met unless city and state laws were reformed, Addams challenged both boss rule in the immigrant neighborhood of Hull-House and indifference to the needs of the poor in the state legislature. She was appointed to Chicago’s Board of Education in 1905 and helped found the Chicago school of Civics and Philanthropy before becoming the first female president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. The first Great Migration saw many young women arriving alone in New York City, often vulnerable to the predation of those who sought to exploit their labor. Cooperated with public housing authorities nation-wide by providing social, recreational and community organization services in projects from 1937 to the present. Neighborhood and city festivals; inter-settlement drama leagues ( ).
Neighborhood centers continue to work for “evening the odds” and removing the barriers to full participation. They have stressed programs to instill pride in minority cultural achievements. In Mississippi, their collective effort gave three years of support to myriad rural programs in three counties, reform of the State Employment Service, and to running for political office as a method of social change. Hull-House Players tour culminates in appearance at Abbey Theater in Ireland (1901). Neighborhood and city festivals; inter-settlement drama leagues ( ). Seven new little theaters established in N.Y.; children’s theaters, puppet and marionette theaters, tournaments of plays, city-wide festivals (1922 ff).
Canon Samuel Barnett, pastor of the poorest parish in London's notorious East End, established the first settlement house in 1884. In the midst of this neighborhood (settlement), Toynbee Hall housed educated and wealthy people who served as examples, teachers, and providers of basic human services to the poor residents of the settlement. Toynbee Hall was based on the social gospel movement and attracted young theologians and other middle-class people to emulate Jesus in living among the poor. The settlement-house movement was part widespread political impulse for national self-improvement, or progressivism. Whereas settlement-house workers at first believed that introducing art, music, and the humanities to the poor would uplift them from their degradation, the hardships of the economic crisis of 1893 and 1894 caused the workers to seek more practical ways to end suffering. For example, Hull-House joined with the Illinois Women’s Alliance, an organization of working-class and middle-class women, to convince the Illinois legislature to pass protective legislation for working women and children.
And in 1921, Jane Addams, who was a pacifist and suffered rejection because of it, headed a national committee to suggest ways that local settlements could celebrate peace between England and Ireland. A few settlements saw their task as experimenting with new ways to structure city life. Stanton Coit, the founder of University Settlement, had a vision of neighborhood guilds made up of units of 100 families, which would be self-determining and self-supporting, and able to carry out whatever local reforms were needed. In Boston, the work of Robert Woods presaged many of the concerns of today’s city planners, as he sought to define the function of neighborhoods and districts, and the place of the settlement in furthering democratic decision-making.
Sometimes aspects appear in different forms, as in the case of the Peace Corps, or Head Start. Addams responded to the needs of the community by establishing a nursery, dispensary, kindergarten, playground, gymnasium and cooperative housing for young working women. As an experiment in group living, Hull-House attracted male and female reformers dedicated to social service. Addams always insisted that she learned as much from the neighborhood’s residents as she taught them. Like in most settlement houses, the women volunteers paid a small rental fee for their own room, assisting the house supervisors with daily operations.
Sometimes gabled roofs are tall enough to contain an attic floor with windows in the gables. The next wave of construction in Los Angeles occurred during WWII as thousands of workers moved to the area to take jobs with defense contractors (Boeing, Lockheed, Douglas, et al.) as part of the war effort. For example, thousands of small, single-family homes were built in less than a year near Santa Monica Airport to house the workforce of 70,000 who manufactured and assembled aircraft there. • Encouraging responsible teen-age parenthood, through many programs to encourage a sense of self-worth and guide young people in moving toward a life goal.
Hybrid cottage styles might include small porches and gabled dormers in attic stories. Balconies and bay windows are other possible modifications features in more extensive examples of this style. Asymmetry of design is a key feature, with idiosyncratic and cozy room layouts, often built around a central chimney.
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